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The Sanskrit word ā́rya is rendered as 'noble' in William Jones' 1794 translation of the Indian Laws of Manu, and the English Aryan (originally spelt Arian) appeared a few decades later, first as an adjective in 1839, then as a noun in 1851. A German translation of Anquetil-Duperron's work led to the introduction of the term Arier in 1776. The term Arya was first rendered into a modern European language in 1771 as Aryens by French Indologist Abraham-Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron, who rightly compared the Greek arioi with the Avestan airya and the country name Iran. As is also the case for all other Old Iranian language usage, the arya of the inscription does not signify anything but " Iranian". One of the earliest epigraphically attested reference to the word arya occurs in the 6th-century BC Behistun inscription, which describes itself as having been composed "in arya " (§ 70). The atrocities committed in the name of Aryanist supremacist ideologies have led academics to avoid the term 'Aryan', which has been replaced in most cases by ' Indo-Iranian', although the South Asian branch is still known as ' Indo-Aryan'. Those classified as 'non-Aryans,' especially Jews, were discriminated against before suffering the systematic mass killing known as the Holocaust. Under Nazi rule (1933–1945), the term applied to most inhabitants of Germany excluding Jews and Slavs such as Czechs, Poles or Russians. In the 1850s the term 'Aryan' was adopted as a racial category by French writer Arthur de Gobineau, who, through the later works of Houston Stewart Chamberlain, influenced the Nazi racial ideology. In any case, scholars point out that, even in ancient times, the idea of being an Aryan was religious, cultural and linguistic, not racial. Īlthough the root *arya- may be of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) origin, its use as an ethnocultural self-designation is only attested among Indo-Iranian peoples, and it is not known if PIE speakers had a term to designate themselves as 'Proto-Indo-Europeans'. The root also forms the etymological source of place names such as Iran (* Aryānām) and Alania (* Aryāna-). In the Avesta scriptures, ancient Iranian peoples similarly used the term airya to designate themselves as an ethnic group, and in reference to their mythical homeland, Airyanem Waēǰō ('stretch of the Aryas'). In Ancient India, the term ā́rya was used by the Indo-Aryan speakers of the Vedic period as an endonym (self-designation) and in reference to a region known as Āryāvarta ('abode of the Aryas'), where the Indo-Aryan culture emerged. Aryan or Arya ( / ˈ ɛər i ə n/ Indo-Iranian * arya) is a term originally used as an ethnocultural self-designation by Indo-Iranians in ancient times, in contrast to the nearby outsiders known as 'non-Aryan' (* an-arya).